What is Epstein-Barr virus?

The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a type of human herpesvirus, classified under the Herpesviridae family. It was first discovered in 1964 by Epstein, Barr, and others using an improved tissue culture technique from malignant lymphoma cell cultures from African children. EBV has a spherical shape with a diameter of about 180 nm. Its nucleocapsid has icosahedral symmetry and is enveloped, which it acquires through budding from the nuclear membrane. The viral genome is a linear double-stranded DNA, approximately 172 kbp in length.

How does Epstein-Barr virus affect the body?

EBV mainly spreads through close contact via saliva or respiratory droplets, earning it the nickname “the kissing disease.” The virus replicates in the epithelial cells of the oropharynx before infecting B lymphocytes, which then enter the bloodstream and cause a systemic infection. EBV can remain dormant in lymphatic tissue throughout the body. Known for its “latent-reactivation” cycle, EBV reaches peak levels in the body about 4–6 weeks after infection and remains for life. After the primary infection, EBV stays dormant but can reactivate if the immune system weakens or during times of excessive stress.